Ophthalmomyiasis is pathology of eye due to presence of fly larva, which rarely occurs in the world, and most cases has been reported in developing countries. These days incidence of Ophthalmomyiasis has been decreased in Iran. Most cases of Ophthalmomyiasis caused by presence of fly Larvae Oestrus Ovis.In summer 2011, a fourty year old rural woman with a good hygine presented to Ophthalmology department of Rouhani Hospital. She had no background of any disease.After physical examination EXTERNAL Ophthalmomyiasis was diagnosed. all seven larva has been removed, Topical antibiotic and cortiCOSTeroid were prescribed for daily use. Two days later in follow up the eye was asymptomatic.

Flail chest is a life-threatening clinical entity which can be complicated by respiratory insufficiency. Paradoxical motion of a part of chest wall is the basic cause to put the blame on. Consequently, stabilization of the chest wall is occasionally of paramount importance to achieve early extubation in a patient with post-trauma respiratory insufficiency. Hereby, a simple, low-COST, harmless and effective approach of EXTERNAL stabilization is presented.

Annually, over 10% of GDP of advanced countries is wiped out by EXTERNAL COSTs of transportation, 80% of which concerns land transportation. The situation in developing countries is much worse given a higher share of human losses. To recall but a few world wide facts, 1.18 million (WHO 2002) human lives are lost in road accidents each year and 7.8 million more die as a result of diseases-including cardiopulmonary disease, lung cancer and acute respiratory infection-correlated with urban air pollution largely produced by the transportation sector. Other major indicators attest to a similar toll that modern transportation systems have had on the environment.Recognizing as such, the topic of transportation EXTERNALities must be considered crucial in the public policy domain. For those communities striving for sustainability-effectively reducing or avoiding such human and environmental COSTs-there should be a regular urban scale audit of all modal EXTERNAL COSTs not normally appreciated in transportation planning and policy making routines. Such an audit of the transportation sector should be used in combination with an analysis of its benefits.

Background and Objective: The use of groundwater resources for agricultural purposes has led to an excessive withdrawal of aquifers and a reduction in groundwater levels in Iran. This issue has increased the salinity and has seriously threatened the agricultural production farms. Therefore, it is important to measure the COST of pollution caused by the production of different products and determine their shadow value. For this purpose, the shadow price of groundwater salinity in different provinces has been estimated during the period of 1964-1999. Method: In this study, directional output distance function in the quadratic form was used to determine the environmental efficiency and shadow price of groundwater salinity. Findings: The technical inefficiency and shadow value of salinity of the provinces was estimated in the agricultural activity. The results show that the provinces of the country have different conditions in terms of technical inefficiency. The average value of the directional output distance function of Iran is 0. 228. Also, the average shadow value of salinity in the groundwater of Iran is 0. 278 billion Rials per μ S⁄ cm. Discussion and Conclusion: It is suggested that policies should be developed to control the salinity of groundwater, taking into account the characteristics of each region, and priority should be given to provinces with less shadow prices.

The world economy has experienced a bulk of positive and negative shocks over the years and have challenged the economies of these countries. In this article In order to investigate the effect of three EXTERNAL shocks included global oil price shock, euro / dollar exchange rate shock and global inflation shock Also, the effect of these shocks on social welfare in Iran as a small open oil exporting economy, we estimate a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Model (DSGE) with a new Keynesian approach based on the characteristics of Iranian economy. In this research, we tried to clarify the following question Due to the vulnerability of the economy to EXTERNAL shocks, What is the proper rule of monetary policy for the Iranian economy that minimizes macroeconomic fluctuations and maintains inflation at a low level and improve social welfare? Therefore, in this research to answer the above question in the first step, we analyzed Instantaneous response functions and compared the EXTERNAL shocks according to alternative monetary policy rules, including the headline inflation targeting (IT), core inflation targeting (CIT) rule and exchange rate rule (ER) and ultimately, the welfare COSTs of each monetary policy rule were calculated. Our primary finding showed that core inflation rule was the best monetary rule for stabilizing both macroeconomics and inflation. It also seems to be the best way to improve social welfare.

One of the growing issues in management accounting is discussions on COST behavior. COST behavior deals with COST behavior changes according to the change in COST stimulus. Awareness of COST behavior according to the changes in the activity level or sales level is an important information for making management decisions in planning and budgeting, product pricing model, determining the breakeven point, and other decisions. This study attempted to examine the impact of audit firm with respect to the variables of major ownership and market level on COSTs stickiness. For this purpose, the data from 121 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2004 to 2014, panel data model, and estimated generalized least squares method were used. The results showed that (1) firms audited by big audit firms (Audit Organization) have less COST stickiness compared to firms audited by other audit firms; (2) major ownership, as one of the most important mechanisms of corporate governance, has not had a significant impact on COST stickiness and also relationship between audit firm size and COST stickiness. In other words, major ownership decrease does not increases the inverse relationship between audit firm and COST stickiness; and (3) reducing the market level does not increases the inverse relationship between audit firm and COST stickiness. This result showed that the increase in a firm’ s market share in its particular industry, cannot serve as a mechanism of effective monitoring, and the firm’ s market level will not be a type of monitoring tool.

The aim of this study is to calculate the marginal private and social COSTs of two thermal power plants in Isfahan region for a particular day in January 2010. For this purpose a nonlinear planning model with linear constraints has been used. The objective function (social COST) which is a twofold objective function is calculated by the summation of variable COSTs and EXTERNAL COSTs of power plants in the above mentioned region.The results of minimizing the objective function of private COST and also minimizing objective function of social COST indicate a significant difference between marginal social COST and marginal private COST. This difference is considered as marginal EXTERNAL COST in peak hours of electricity consumption and has had an obvious increase to the off-peak hours of electricity consumption in the region of the study. Taking into account the social COSTs of electricity generation, green power generation technologies can compete with thermal power plants.